IT is well known that for the excitation of the characteristic X-ray spectra of elements, an electron has first to be removed from some internal level; when this is done, an electron from an outer ...

The copper target was operated at voltages of 11 kV, 12 kV, 13 kV, and 14 kV for the electron source, and a 50 kV configuration using a molybdenum target was used as a representative example for the ...

X-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, pack enough energy to pierce materials and interact with inner-shell electrons. 1 When they hit a sample, ...

Researchers from Kyoto University and Meiji University have led the quest to understand the origins of elements and the fundamental question of humanity to investigate supernova remnants.